Iranian sound cinema was born with Duḵhtar-i Lur, which was produced in 1933 by Ardashīr Īrānī and ʿAbd al-Ḥusayn Sipantā in Bombay. The release of this film led to the growth of the nascent sound film industry in Iran. The first talking film in Iran, Tūfān-i zindigī (Storm of Life; 1948), was produced by Ismā‛īl Kūshān and directed by ‛Alī Daryābīgī.